Semaglutide is a medication in the class of GLP-1 receptor agonists, which imitate the natural hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). This drug promotes insulin production from the pancreas and lowers the hunger hormone ghrelin, helping to reduce appetite and slow down stomach emptying. This combination of actions helps to regulate blood sugar levels and can also promote weight loss. Semaglutide is typically administered as a weekly subcutaneous injection.
Benefits of Semaglutide Beyond Weight Loss
Although semaglutide is known for its weight-loss benefits, it was originally approved for other health benefits:
- Diabetes Management
Approved in 2017, semaglutide is an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes. Research has shown it can reduce the A1C diabetes marker by an average of up to 2 percentage points. Additionally, more people using semaglutide met the A1C target of less than 7% compared to those on other medications. It has also demonstrated potential in reducing kidney damage caused by high blood sugar levels, potentially delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease. A recent study examining this kidney-protective effect was even stopped early due to its favorable outcomes. - Cardiovascular Health
Research indicates semaglutide can reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events, including heart attacks and strokes, in adults with excess weight and existing cardiovascular disease, both with and without diabetes. A major study among those with diabetes showed a 26% reduction in these risks, while another trial in non-diabetics found a 20% reduction in similar cardiovascular outcomes. - Heart Failure
Semaglutide has been studied in patients with obesity-related heart failure, both with and without diabetes. Findings suggest improvements in heart failure symptoms, such as reduced tiredness, shortness of breath, and swelling. Weight loss and improved exercise tolerance were also observed in these studies.
Potential Future Applications of Semaglutide
Ongoing research is exploring additional applications of semaglutide for conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), addiction, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, sleep apnea, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Side Effects and Risks of Semaglutide
Semaglutide may cause mild to moderate side effects, especially at the beginning of treatment, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal discomfort. To help manage these side effects, healthcare providers often start with a lower dose and increase it gradually. Low blood sugar may also occur when semaglutide is used with other diabetes medications. In clinical studies, around 20% of patients stopped taking the medication due to side effects.
Semaglutide is not recommended for individuals with type 1 diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis, a history of pancreatitis, or certain types of thyroid cancer. It should also be avoided by pregnant or breastfeeding women, children under 18, and those who may need to monitor other oral medications closely, as semaglutide’s delay in stomach emptying can affect absorption of other drugs taken simultaneously.
Determining if Semaglutide is Right for You
If you’re considering semaglutide, talk to your healthcare provider about its suitability for you, as well as its benefits and risks. Keep in mind that semaglutide’s cost and availability may be limiting factors. With a monthly supply averaging over $1,000, insurance coverage, brand, and dosage will affect the final cost. Some discounts and assistance programs may be available, but pharmacies have faced stock shortages due to high demand.
If you and your healthcare team decide that semaglutide is appropriate, they’ll provide a prescription for the right dose and teach you proper injection techniques. Remember, while semaglutide offers significant potential benefits, it is not a replacement for a healthy lifestyle; maintaining a balanced diet and regular exercise remains essential to overall health.